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Time- and anion-dependent stimulation on triphosphopyridine nucleotide followed by antioxidant responses in Vibrio fischeri after exposure to 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium salts.
- Source :
-
Chemosphere . Nov2016, Vol. 163, p452-460. 9p. - Publication Year :
- 2016
-
Abstract
- A toxicity database of over 157 ionic liquids (ILs) was established on Vibrio fischeri (VF). The database contained mainly monotonic concentration-response relationship, and its application in risk assessment was challenged by potential non-monotonic hormetic effects of ILs. In the present study, the hormetic effects of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium salts ([emim]X, X = BF 4 , Cl and Br) were confirmed on VF, and biochemical explanations were explored in a time-dependent manner. On luminescence, [emim]BF 4 showed inhibitory effects compared with the control, and the median effective concentration (EC 50 ) increased from 3.15E-02 to 8.88E-02 mol/L from 0.25 to 24 h. Notably, [emim]BF 4 also showed stimulatory effects at 18 h when the maximum stimulation (E min ) was 51.8% higher than the control, and at 24 h when the E min increased to 120% higher than the control. Compared with [emim]BF 4 , [emim]Cl had higher EC 50 values which increased over time, while it had less maximum stimulation which also increased over time. In results of [emim]Br, there were only inhibitory effects. At the biochemical level, the stimulatory effects of [emim]BF 4 and [emim]Cl on triphosphopyridine nucleotide (NADPH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) were earlier than those on luminescence. Moreover, NAD(P)H showed stimulation in [emim]Br which did not have hormetic effects on luminescence. Meanwhile, the effects of [emim]X on flavin mononucleotide, adenosine-triphosphate, reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidases showed consistent time-dependent changes with those on luminescence. The results indicated different roles between NAD(P)H and other biochemical indices, e.g., the antioxidant responses, in the stimulation of [emim]X on luminescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 00456535
- Volume :
- 163
- Database :
- Academic Search Index
- Journal :
- Chemosphere
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 118077398
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.061