Participant perceptions of Range Rider Programs operating to mitigate wolf-livestock conflicts in the western United States.

ABSTRACT As gray wolf ( Canis lupus) populations have expanded in the western United States, wolf depredation of domestic livestock has increased. Concomitantly, wildlife managers are seeking management tools to mitigate wolf-livestock conflicts and enhance stakeholder support for conservation efforts. Range Rider Programs (RRPs) have emerged as a nonlethal management strategy that advocates the use of increased human surveillance of livestock herds in areas occupied by wolves to reduce wolf-livestock conflicts. However, little information is available about the scope of contemporary northern Rocky Mountain (NRM) RRPs or participant perceptions about the potential for the programs to mitigate these conflicts. We conducted semistructured phone and personal interviews with 51 participants from 17 RRPs in Montana, Oregon, and Washington during January to April 2014 and October 2014 to January 2015 to develop a typology of NRM RRPs and assess participant perceptions of current programs. Although the RRPs we studied varied in context, program focus, and scale, they shared similar organizational components that included a sponsor; collaboration among several organizations; a funding mechanism; a structure that included a supervisor, the landowner(s), and the range rider(s); and a mechanism for stakeholder feedback. We identified 3 unique RRP versions based on the primary focus of the programs: 1) livestock monitoring, 2) wolf surveillance, and 3) livestock herding. Although participants identified a number of benefits (e.g., increased information about wolf activity, extra herd supervision, rapid carcass identification), they also identified challenges that affected program sustainability. Challenges pertaining to trust and open communication were inherent in several programs; however, the lack of stable funding was viewed as a major threat to program sustainability. The final challenge to RRPs' sustainability was the largely unproven success of this strategy. © 2016 The Wildlife Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]