In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of Zao-Jiao-Ci (the spine of Gleditsia sinensis Lam.) aqueous extract and its mechanisms of action.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Zao-Jiao-Ci (ZJC), as the spine of Chinese Honey locust ( Gleditsia sinensis Lam.), is traditionally used as Chinese medicine to reduce inflammation. Aim of the study The present study aimed to investigate an anti-inflammatory effect of ZJC aqueous extract both in vitro and in vivo , as well as its underlying mechanisms. Materials and methods Anti-inflammatory effect of ZJC aqueous extract was evaluated by using carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. In addition, the inhibitory effects of ZJC on nitric oxide production, intracellular reactive oxygen species production, pro-inflammatory mediator expression and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) production were determined by using LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells. The anti-oxidant activity of ZJC was assessed using 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid assay. Results ZJC aqueous extract showed significant suppressive effect on paw edema in rats at 100 mg/kg. Moreover, ZJC aqueous extract decreased the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and significantly decreased the PGE2, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 production in LPS-activated macrophages in dose-dependent manners. ZJC aqueous extract inhibited the mRNA expression of these inflammatory cytokines as well. Furthermore, ZJC aqueous extract was found as an anti-oxidant and could inhibit ROS production in the LPS-induced cells. Conclusions These findings show the potential of ZJC aqueous extract as a naturally occurring COX-2 inhibitor to reduce inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]