Managing for naturalness alone is not an effective way to preserve all the valuable natural features of the Białowieża Forest - a reply to Jaroszewicz et al.

Currently, Brzeziecki et al. 2016 ( Journal of Vegetation Science 27: 460-467.) are using data from permanent study plots established in 1936 in Białowieża National Park ( NE Poland) to develop theoretical equilibrium tree size distributions and to then compare modelled and actual distributions with a view to assessing the population dynamics of the species involved. As part of their discussion, the authors address the question of possible consequences for the overall diversity of forest ecosystems under strict protection if long-term trends relating to tree population densities and size structures are maintained. In the overall context of the above, the goal of the present paper is to respond to Jaroszewicz et al. ( Journal of Vegetation Science 28: 218-222.) who suggest that the paper of Brzeziecki et al. (2016) is not representative for the whole Białowieża National Park, and that - in this connection - strict protection should not be seen as a cause for concern. In this paper, we show that the data analysed by Brzeziecki et al. (2016) adequately characterize conditions in the wider Park. We also point out that the thorough scientific understanding of the long-term dynamics of woodland communities under strict protection should indeed be taken into account as efforts are made to arrive at an effective conservation strategy capable of ensuring that the uniquely valuable features of the Białowieża Forest are retained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]