Development and validation of the predrinking motives questionnaire.

Elaborating on instruments for U.S. university students, we developed and validated the predrinking (drinking before going out) motives questionnaire (PMQ) for general populations of young adults. In popular nightlife areas in Switzerland, 316 predrinkers aged 16-25 (48% women) were recruited. Focus group interviews and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses yielded a three-factor measure, with a structure that was invariant across linguistic regions, gender, age, and student status. 'Fun/intoxication' motives were associated with predrinking but 'conviviality' and 'facilitation' motives were not. Men scored higher on 'facilitation' than women and those from the French-speaking region scored higher on 'conviviality' than German-speaking participants. Although yet to be replicated in other countries, the PMQ appears to be an appropriate general measure of predrinking motives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]