Preclinical renal chemo-protective potential of Prunus amygdalus Batsch seed coat via alteration of multiple molecular pathways.

Prunus amygdalusBatsch (almond) is a classical nutritive traditional Indian medicine. Along with nutritive with anti-oxidant properties, it is, clinically, used in the treatment of various diseases with underlying anti-oxidant mechanism. This study is an effort to scrutinise the renal protective effect ofP. amygdalusBatsch or green almond (GA) seed coat extract and its underlying mechanism in animal model of Ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) induced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). RCC was induced in Swiss Albino Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of Fe-NTA. The rats were then treated with ethanolic extract ofGA(25, 50 and 100 mg/kg per oral) for 22 weeks. Efficacy of GA administration was evaluated by change in biochemical, renal, macroscopical and histopathological parameters and alterations. Additionally, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and inflammatory mediator including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) were also observed to explore the possible mechanisms. The oral administration ofGAsignificantly (p < .001) altered the Fe-NTA induced RCC in rats by inhibition of renal nodules, decolourisation of tissues, tumour promoter marker including thymidine3[H] incorporation, ornithine decarboxylase, renal parameters and anti-oxidant parameters in serum. Additionally,GAtreatment significantly (p < .001) down-regulated the IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, inflammatory mediators PGE2and NF-κB in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathology observation supported the renal protective effect ofGAby alteration in necrosis, size of Bowman capsules and inflammatory cells. Hence, it can be concluded thatGApossesses observable chemo-protective action and effect on Fe-NTA induced RCC via dual inhibition mechanism one by inhibiting free radical generation and second by inhibiting inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]