Multi-objective bi-level planning of active distribution networks considering network transfer capability and dispersed energy storage systems.

This study proposes an expansion planning method to maximize the benefits of feeder interconnection and distributed generation (DG) allocation in active distribution networks (ADNs). The proposed method considers four active management schemes (i.e., on-load tap-changer voltage control, DG curtailment, DG power factor control, and demand side management) and uncertainties (i.e., contingencies, load fluctuation, and DG output power). The network transfer capability of the ADN after an N-1 contingency and the optimization of dispersed energy storage systems for peak shaving and renewable energy compensation are also integrated in this study. The reinforcements deemed in this method are wiring reformation, new wiring, substation expansion, and DG installation. The objectives of the model in this paper are cost and security. The system security is evaluated by a defined security margin index under restoration after a contingency. Numerical results are presented for a modified 104-bus distribution network to verify the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]