Vineyard water status estimation using multispectral imagery from an UAV platform and machine learning algorithms for irrigation scheduling management.

Remote sensing can provide a fast and reliable alternative for traditional in situ water status measurement in vineyards. Several vegetation indices (VIs) derived from aerial multispectral imagery were tested to estimate midday stem water potential (Ψ stem ) of grapevines. The experimental trial was carried out in a vineyard in the Shangri-La region, located in Yunnan province in China. Statistical methods and machine learning algorithms were used to evaluate the correlations between Ψ stem and VIs. Results by simple regression between VIs individually and Ψ stem showed no significant relationships, with coefficient of determination (R 2 ) for linear fitting smaller than 0.3 for almost all the indices studied, except for the Optimal Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI); R 2  = 0.42 with statistical significance (p ≤ 0.001). However, results from a model obtained by fitting using Artificial Neural Network (ANN), using all VIs calculated as inputs and real Ψ stem from plants within the study site (n = 90) as targets (Model 1), showed high correlation between the estimated water potential through ANN (Ψ stem ANN ) and the actual measured Ψ stem . Training, validation and testing data sets presented individual correlations of R = 0.8, 0.72 and 0.62 respectively. The models obtained from the study site were then applied to a wider area from the vineyard studied and compared to further Ψ stem measured obtained from different sites (n = 23) showing high correlation values between Ψ stem ANN and real Ψ stem (R 2  = 0.83; slope = 1; p ≤ 0.001). Finally, a pattern recognition ANN model (Model 2) was developed for irrigation scheduling purposes using the same Ψ stem measured in the study site as inputs and with the following thresholds as outputs: Ψ stem below −1.2 MPa considered as severe water stress (SS), Ψ stem between −0.8 to −1.2 MPa as moderate stress (MS) and Ψ stem over −0.8 MPa with no water stress (NS). This model can be applied to analyze on a plant by plant basis to identify sectors of stress within the vineyard for optimal irrigation management and to identify spatial variability within the vineyards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]