Simple and accurate SEP approximation of hexagonal-QAM in AWGN channel and its application in parametric α - μ, η - μ, λ - μ fading, and log-normal shadowing.

In this study, the authors propose a simple yet tighter approximations for the special two-dimensional Gaussian Q functions using the Trapezoidal rule of numerical integration. This enables a simplified and accurate symbol error probability (SEP) approximation of the hexagonal-quadrature amplitude modulation (HQAM) in additive white Gaussian noise channel. The proposed approximation further simplifies the SEP calculation of HQAM in parametric α - μ, η - μ, and λ - μ fading distributions. Also, the SEP of HQAM over log-normal shadowing is calculated in this study. The accuracy of the analytical framework is verified using computer simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]