Pressurized liquid extraction of flavanols and alkaloids from cocoa bean shell using ethanol as solvent.

Abstract Cocoa shell (CS) is a co-product of the cocoa industry used mainly as fuel for boilers but with secondary applications as fertilizer and in animal feed. Although it is known that this material is rich in flavanols and alkaloids, to date, a study has not been conducted that has quantitatively identified these compounds in CS. Thus, the aim of this work was to characterize CS in terms of its composition, regarding catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B2, caffeine and theobromine, and to evaluate the extraction kinetics of the total flavanols using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with absolute ethanol. For the determination of the extraction kinetic data, the DMAC method was used, while each compound was quantified using a UPLC-MS/MS analysis. The major compounds found were theobromine and epicatechin (mean values of 9.89 and 3.5 mg/g CS, respectively). PLE proved to be quite effective; the flavanols extraction yield was enhanced by increasing the temperature and extraction time however, high extraction times and temperatures degraded the procyanidins B2. Peleg's model applied to extraction data description provided a reasonable agreement with the experimental results, which allows their application in modeling and optimization of solid-liquid extraction of the total flavanols from cocoa bean shell. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • The major biocompounds found in CS were theobromine and epicatechin. • PLE was useful for the simultaneous extraction of alkaloids and flavanols from CS. • The PLE process was enhanced by increasing the temperature and extraction time. • High extraction times and temperatures led to degradation of procyanidin B2. • The Peleg's model was suitable to represent the experimental data and to determine the maximum extraction yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]