Is mass classification in mammograms a solved problem? - A critical review over the last 20 years.

Highlights • Mammographic masses classification is dominated by ANN, SVM and KNN. • Grammars and syntactic approaches have not been used so far. • Genetic algorithm was the most used technique to reduce feature dimensionality. • Most of the published papers are database-dependent. • Results are not comparable due to the lack of a common benchmark. Abstract Breast cancer is one of the most common and deadliest cancers that affect mainly women worldwide, and mammography examination is one of the main tools to help early detection. Several papers have been published in the last decades reporting on techniques to automatically recognize breast cancer by analyzing mammograms. These techniques were used to create computer systems to help physicians and radiologists obtain a more precise diagnosis. The objective of this paper is to present an overview regarding the use of machine learning and pattern recognition techniques to discriminate masses in digitized mammograms. The main differences we found in the literature between the present paper and the other reviews are: 1) we used a systematic review method to create this survey; 2) we focused on mass classification problems; 3) the broad scope and spectrum used to investigate this theme, as 129 papers were analyzed to find out whether mass classification in mammograms is a problem solved. In order to achieve this objective, we performed a systematic review process to analyze papers found in the most important digital libraries in the area. We noticed that the three most common techniques used to classify mammographic masses are artificial neural network, support vector machine and k-nearest neighbors. Furthermore, we noticed that mass shape and texture are the most used features in classification, although some papers presented the usage of features provided by specialists, such as BI-RADS descriptors. Moreover, several feature selection techniques were used to reduce the complexity of the classifiers or to increase their accuracies. Additionally, the survey conducted points out some still unexplored research opportunities in this area, for example, we identified that some techniques such as random forest and logistic regression are little explored, while others, such as grammars or syntactic approaches, are not being used to perform this task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]