Protection analysis tool for distribution networks with a high embedded generation penetration.

Highlights • A protection analysis tool for distribution networks with a high embedded generation is presented. • The tool determines the fault response of embedded generators with high convergence success. • The tool automatically simulates and assesses the pertinent faults for protection adequacy. Abstract The protection design philosophy of distribution networks is predicated on the inherent radiality that exists in such networks. However, the increased presence of inverter-interfaced embedded generation is compromising the radial nature of distribution networks. Hence, the increasing importance of accurately modelling the fault response of inverter-interfaced embedded generation is becoming apparent. Presently, the impacts of large penetrations of inverter-interfaced embedded generators on protection adequacy are determined through time-domain modelling. This paper proposes a tool for determining a snapshot of the expected protection response of distribution networks with inverter-interfaced embedded generation. The tool automatically simulates all fault types at the extremities of each protection zone and compiles the data to generate a report that showcases important information from a protection adequacy perspective. The tool can simulate fault responses in orders of magnitude faster than time-domain analysis using a load-flow like algorithm. This algorithm is designed to have a high convergence in fault scenarios and also approximate the fault behaviour of inverter-interfaced embedded generators. Finally, the tool investigates whether a new embedded generator installation may require an upgrade of network infrastructure or an amendment of protection settings. The tool is implemented using MATLAB and compared with time-domain simulations for verification purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]