A global paucity of wild bird feeding policy.

Abstract Feeding wild birds is a common and popular human-wildlife interaction throughout the world. However, controversy exists over the benefits and costs to the birds and humans involved. This bibliometric study documents wild bird feeding policies around the globe and examines environmental and socio-cultural factors which may influence the position adopted by these policies. We located 412 policies from 237 different countries, territories or dependencies (jurisdictions); 58.7% of jurisdictions had no information available online regarding wild bird feeding policy. Generalized Linear Modelling revealed that colder minimum ambient temperatures were associated with more pro-feeding policy settings. An index of controversy was calculated for each jurisdiction; most (77.6%) had no controversy. This study highlights the significant variation in policy settings for wild bird feeding across jurisdictions and controversy in almost a quarter of jurisdictions. Recommendations are made for the development of clear, consistent and readily available policy advice on this globally popular human-wildlife interaction. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • 59% of world's countries have no online wild bird feeding policy available. • Controversy over policy position evident in 22% of countries • 70% of located policies do not advise on provision of water for birds. • Pro-feeding policy is more likely in countries with lower temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]