Pigment identification on an undated Chinese painting by non-destructive analysis.

Graphical abstract Highlights • One Qing dynasty meticulous painting's pigments are non-destructively analyzed. • The painting was made no earlier than 1828 CE. • Brass powder has been used in Chinese painting in Qing dynasty. Abstract Three-dimensional video microscopy, Raman microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy were applied on a Qing dynasty meticulous painting named 'Guan Gong Reads the Spring and Autumn Annals at Night'. All pigments were identified, including calcite, Paris green, hematite, gypsum, cinnabar, carbon black, quartz crystal, synthetic ultramarine blue and brass powder. Colors on the painting, in most parts, can be explained by a single pigment; while it is also true that some are caused by mixed pigments. The manufacture date of the painting should be no earlier than 1828. In addition, brass powder was used as pigment no later than the Qing dynasty. Finally, the combination of multiple non-destructive methods is an ideal for researching Chinese ancient paintings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]