Digestion and nitrogen excretion by Holstein-Friesian cows fed grasses with lucerne or lucerne and plantain.

Forages and forage mixtures with greater tolerance of dry conditions than perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) are desirable for dairy farming in New Zealand, and a low urinary nitrogen (N) excretion is desirable to lessen pollution of waterways and ground water, and nitrous oxide emissions. Measurements were undertaken with late-lactation Holstein-Friesian cows (5/treatment) fed tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) with a substantial incursion of weed grasses, as either a sole diet (Grass), or with lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) or lucerne and plantain (Plantago lancelota L.), in metabolism stalls. Approximate ratios (DM basis) of Grass with lucerne (GL) were 55 : 45, and Grass with lucerne and plantain (GLP) were 55 : 25 : 20. Measurements included intakes, production, digestion, rumen function, and urinary excretion, including the circadian patterns of metabolite excretion with a focus on nitrogenous aspects. The DM intakes (kg/day) of cows fed Grass, GL and GLP were 14.9, 12.7 and 15.0 (P = 0.006), and DM digestibility (%) was 58.0, 59.8 and 61.9 (P = 0.006), respectively. Milk yields (kg/day) were Grass, 9.0; GL, 8.7 and GLP, 11.7 (P = 0.003) but composition was not affected by diet. Rumen digesta weight was greatest in cows fed Grass, averaging 23.4% of liveweight after morning feeding. The microbial growth (g/kg organic matter digested) was 16.8 in cows fed Grass and ~24.0 in the other diets. Dietary crude protein concentrations (g/100 g DM) were Grass, 15.4, GL, 20.1 and GLP, 18.3 and urinary N excretion (g/day) was lowest with the Grass diet but urinary N concentration was lowest from cows fed GLP. Daily creatinine excretion was unaffected by diet but there was a 2-fold range in excretion rates within 24 h and values from cows fed fresh forages are lower than published values from cows fed dry diets. Results showed that supplementation of poor quality pasture with lucerne or lucerne with plantain had minor effects on digestibility, and measurements of urinary N suggest a need for caution when predicting urinary N excretion from spot urine sampling in grazing trials. Farmers need forages that are tolerant of dry conditions, so fescue grass was fed to dairy cows as a sole diet, and with either lucerne or lucerne and plantain. The best combination was fescue with lucerne and plantain because digestibility and production were highest and the urine nitrogen concentration was lowest. This combination of three forages will enable dairy production in dry conditions with less urinary nitrogen pollution than feeding fescue alone or with lucerne. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]