Numerical investigations of hypersonic transition and massive separation past Orion capsule by DDES-Tr.

• A new DDES-Tr, based on the three-equation k-ω-γ transition/turbulence integrated model, was proposed through the similar way with the typical DDES. • A modification of the length scale was introduced to ensure the models worked in their own interest regions. • DDES-Tr model can not only resolve the massive separation on the leeward side, but also model the transition on the windward side. The hypersonic flow at high angle of attack past the Orion capsule was predicted by a delayed detached eddy simulation (DDES), based on a three-equation k-ω-γ transition/turbulence integrated model (Tr). The computational results of the mean and instantaneous heat rates by DDES-Tr are compared with the available measurements and DDES-FT (full turbulence). As expected, the massive separation on the leeward side can be well predicted by both DDES models, but DDES-FT cannot model the transition and over-predicts the heat flux on the windward side. Fortunately, the DDES-Tr model can not only resolve the massive separation on the leeward side, but also model the transition on the windward side. Furthermore, the contributions of the first, second, and crossflow modes on the transition are quantitatively explored. Although the freestream is hypersonic, the second Mack mode is very weak owing to the low supersonic speed after the strong bow shock wave. The transition is mainly dominated by the first and rarely by the crossflow mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]