A nonparametric technique for analysis of state-trace functions.

State-trace analysis provides a direct and transparent way of evaluating a question that is central to many studies of cognitive function: do one or two latent processes underlie performance on a particular task? This evaluation is made using a state-trace plot, which is a bivariate plot of two dependent variables over a dimensional variable that provides the basis for the hypothesized dissociation, and a trace variable, which enables the examination over a range of levels of performance. State-trace analysis has been used successfully in research on perception (Mccarley & Grant, 2008), attention (Verhaeghen & Cerella, 2002), memory (Dunn, 2008), and categorization (Newell, Dunn, & Kalish, 2010). However, inferential techniques for evaluating whether a given state-trace plot yields evidence for one versus two latent processes have only recently started to appear in the literature. Here we develop PIRST (Permuted Isotonic Regression for State-Trace), a fully nonparametric algorithm based on isotonic regression that can be applied to a state-trace plot and used to characterize the amount of evidence in support of one hypothesis or the other. The technique is benchmarked using simulated data, and is shown to recover the true underlying latent structure under conditions of adequate measurement. Finally, we compare PIRST to an extant technique for state-trace analysis (CMR) using ROC analysis and evaluate their respective strengths and weaknesses for diagnosing latent structure. • State-trace analysis is an important and evolving technique in psychology. • It adjudicates between single-variable and multivariable latent process theories. • It relaxes assumptions about the measurement qualities of psychological data. • PIRST is totally nonparametric, relying on isotonic regression and permutation tests. • PIRST successfully recovers the latent structure of simulated data. • PIRST also reveals limitations in the informativeness of potential data sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]