Will China peak its energy-related carbon emissions by 2030? Lessons from 30 Chinese provinces.

• We explore whether each of the 30 Chinese provinces will peak emissions by 2030. • We combine STIRPAT models and scenario analyses to predict emissions trajectories. • 26 provinces are likely to peak emissions under at least one scenario, but 4 are not. • Peaking time and cumulative emissions are considered in seeking optimal peaking path. • Provincial results in aggregate show China may peak in 2028–2040 and 2030 is optimal. China has pledged in its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) that its carbon emissions will peak no later than 2030. However, the varying carbon emissions trajectories of individual provinces make it difficult to determine whether China can fulfill this ambitious goal on time. To bring transparency and clarity to this core issue, this paper explores for the first time whether and how all the 30 Chinese provinces will peak their energy-related emissions in future by developing a set of extended STIRPAT models that investigate the driving forces behind each province and integrating the estimates into scenario analysis for peaking simulation. We observe that, despite continued economic growth, 26 provinces are highly likely to reach peak emissions under at least one scenario, whereas the remaining are not. We find it interesting that the earliest peaking scenarios may not be the best option for those provinces whose cumulative carbon emissions are estimated to be considerably large. To ensure a viable reaching of China's peak emissions, much more attention should be paid to seeking for the most appropriate emissions trajectory to peak at the subnational level with relatively low cumulative value. Provincial results in aggregate show that China may peak emissions in the period 2028–2040, with cumulative emissions ranging from 403,607 Mt CO 2 (corresponding to peaking in 2030) to 456,191 Mt CO 2 (corresponding to peaking in 2038), while 2030 would be the optimal year for the country to peak because of the lowest cumulative carbon emissions. Our findings only provide a deeper understanding of China's potential peaking paths by province, but also assist policy makers in better prediction and evaluation of possible emissions trajectory for other nations and the whole world from a bottom-up perspective, and therefore could be of global significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]