Icy giant planet exploration: Are entry probes essential?

"Flyby, orbit, land" has been the guiding philosophy of planetary exploration. This systematic approach has been highly successful in addressing the most fundamental questions of the origin, evolution, and habitability of the solar system. For the giant planets, entry probes take the place of "landers", since the "land" of the gas and icy giant planets, their solid core, lies some tens of thousands of kilometers beneath their cloud tops, hence impractical to reach. On the other hand, during a planet's accretionary heating phase the volatiles trapped in the core material would have been released, forming the atmosphere, together with the most volatile of the gases, hydrogen, helium and neon, that were captured gravitationally when the core became massive enough. Those atmospheric volatiles would thus be accessible by entry probes deployed to relatively shallow depths in the upper troposphere, allowing the determination of the abundances and isotopes of at least the most critical of the "heavy elements" (mass greater than helium). The heavy elements are key constraints to planetary formation and evolution models [1]. Entry probes are essential to retrieve their abundances, which are feasible only in situ at probe depths. That was the rationale behind NASA's 1995 Galileo probe mission at Jupiter and the Saturn Probe mission in NASA's New Frontier 4 candidate list of science themes. Saturn probe proposals to ESA's Cosmic Vision Program are similarly inspired. In 2015, NASA commissioned an Ice Giant Planets Study to recommend a comprehensive set of science goals and objectives, and further to develop potential mission architectures for accomplishing them in the 2023–2033 decade. The most highly rated mission from that study is an orbiter with probe to either Uranus or Neptune [2]. While remote sensing observations from the orbiter will yield the composition, structure and the distribution of neutral and charged particles in the magnetosphere and the upper atmosphere, the entry probe will determine the abundances and isotopic ratios of the noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe), H, C, and possibly N and S. The noble gases, in particular, are key to discriminating among formation models, and their values from the probe entry location would represent global values as they are unaffected by meteorology, dynamics or chemistry. We will elaborate on these issues and then briefly discuss possible scenario/s for a mission to the icy giant planets, with particular focus on entry probes. • Heavy elements and isotopic ratios are key to giant planet formation models. • Noble gases provide the most robust constraints to models. • Only entry probes can make measurements of heavy elements and isotopes. • No new technology is required to enable an orbiter-probe mission to icy giants now. • Maturation of certain new technology would allow greater science return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]