Modeling of multi-sensor tightly aided BDS triple-frequency precise point positioning and initial assessments.

• Estimating code hardware biases on BDS B1, B2, and B3 frequencies. • Integrating INS with BDS triple-frequency PPP. • Odometer, heading data, and motion information aiding PPP/INS. • Improving stability and precision of position and attitude of PPP. • Providing sub-millimeter-level relative measuring accuracy. The BeiDou global navigation satellite system (BDS), which is the first satellite navigation system that provides triple-frequency signals on B1, B2, and B3 for civil applications, has been applied widely around the Asian-Pacifica region. The current BDS precise point positioning (PPP) approaches are mainly based on the B1&B2 dual-frequency observations. To make full use of BDS' triple-frequency observations, the motion sensors measurements, and the platform motion information, this paper proposes an inertial sensor, odometer, and heading measurement tightly aided BDS triple-frequency PPP model. In this model, inertial sensor biases, odometer scale factor, residuals of slant ionospheric delays, and inter-frequency code biases are estimated simultaneously in a unique extended Kalman filter. The Rauch-Tung-Striebel (RTS) smoother is further adopted to reduce the solution's noises and enhance the stability and relative measuring accuracy. To evaluate the capability of this method, a set of triple-frequency BDS raw observations, inertial measurements, odometer data, and heading measurements collected by a customized hardware system on Lanzhou-Urumqi high speed railway track in China, are processed and analyzed. Results illustrated that both positioning accuracy and cycle slip detection capability are upgraded significantly by applying B3 frequency observations in BDS PPP. About 13–55% position accuracy enhancements from B3 observations, inertial sensors, and RTS smoother, and over 70% heading improvements from the aids of heading measurements can be obtained. Moreover, such multi-sensor tight integration system can directly provide millimeter-level positioning accuracy in term of repeatability and provide sub-millimeter-level accuracy indirectly by transforming attitude solutions into distance solutions. Such accuracy is much higher than the state-of-art GNSS and such method presents potential capability in 3D geometry measuring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]