Strongyloides venezuelensis-infection alters the profile of cytokines and liver inflammation in mice co-infected with Schistosoma mansoni.

• Strongyloides Strongyloides co-infection in mice did not alter the schistosome parasite burden. • Co-infection resulted in earlier induction of modulatory response. • Simultaneous co-infection stimulated IFN-γ output, increased inflammation and injury. • Co-infection at acute schistosomiasis intensified Th1/Th2/Th17 response and inflammation. • Co-infection alters immune response and liver inflammation induced by schistosomiasis. Human co-infection by helminth species is frequent, but their consequences are mostly unknown. Here, we investigate the impact of Strongyloides venezuelensis co-infection on the immune response, schistosome burden, and the associated pathology of schistosomiasis in mice. Co-infection did not alter the schistosome parasite burden, but reduced the IL-4/IL-10 ratio during acute schistosomiasis, indicating induction of modulatory mechanisms. Simultaneous infection with S. venezuelensis and S. mansoni increased the liver concentration of IFN-γ and altered the Th2/Th1 balance, leading to great infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages, which resulted in larger liver inflammation and increased serum transaminase activity in comparison with mono-infected mice. Mice infected with S. venezuelensis at two and four weeks after S. mansoni infection showed significant increase of Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg cytokines and strong cellular infiltration in the liver in comparison with mono-infected mice. However, only in mice co-infected after two weeks of schistosomiasis, the liver immune response leads to more intense Th2 polarization, increased liver inflammation, and transaminase serum activity. S. venezuelensis co-infection during chronic schistosomiasis did not significantly alter liver inflammation. Therefore, S. venezuelensis co-infection affects the host immune responses and morbidity of schistosomiasis, but the effects largely depend on the stage of the S. mansoni infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]