Towards a recommended biomonitoring strategy for assessing the occupational exposure of roofers to PAHs.

• High PAH occupational exposures (including BaP) are still experienced when tearing-off old roofs containing coal tar pitch. • 2–3 ring gaseous PAHs are highly dominant when applying polymer-modified bitumen (PMB) roofing membranes. • 3-Fluorenol and 2-Phenanthrol are the most suitable metabolites for biomonitoring of PMB roofers. • Among BaP metabolites, TetraolBaP reflecting the genotoxic pathway of BaP seems more relevant than 3-OHBaP. • 1-OHP (pyrene metabolite) remains an interesting and useful biomarker of PAH exposures. The aims of this work were to assess the PAH exposure among roofers and to identify relevant biomarkers for monitoring occupational exposure. Several campaigns were conducted between 2004 and 2017, with 28 individual air samples and 240 urinary samples collected from 73 roofers. Seventeen parent PAHs and 14 urinary biomarkers, metabolites of pyrene (1-OHP), benzo(a)pyrene (3-OHBaP and TetraolBaP), naphthalene (1- and 2-naphtols), fluorene (1- 2- 3- 9-fluorenols) and phenanthrene (1- 2- 3- 4- 9-phenanthrols), were analysed. Three exposure groups were considered: soft-applied roofing using polymer-modified bitumen ("PMB"), hot-applied roofing using oxidized bitumen ("OB") and the tearing off of old roof coatings containing coal tar ("CT"). The PAHs containing 2–3 rings were much more abundant, and the highest airborne levels were observed in the "CT" group. The biomonitoring results were consistent with these results, with a large predominance of 2–3 ring PAH metabolites. 1-OHP, 3-fluorenol and 2-phenanthrol were better correlated with airborne levels and less influenced by smoking than the other metabolites. Conversely, 1-/2-naphtol levels were heavily influenced by smoking and not correlated with airborne naphthalene levels. Moreover, 3-OHBaP and TetraolBaP levels were very low when applying bitumen membranes, and much higher exposures were observed during tear-off activities. In this context, the recommended strategy for roofer biomonitoring should include 1-OHP, fluorenols and phenanthrols, as well as carcinogenic BaP metabolites (3-OHBaP or TetraolBaP) when evaluating the occupational exposure of roofers that are tearing off old roof coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]