Supersonically sprayed Zn2SnO4/SnO2/carbon nanotube films for high-efficiency water splitting photoanodes.

We demonstrate the supersonic cold-spray deposition of a Zn 2 SnO 4 /SnO 2 /carbon nanotube (CNT) composite as an exceptionally high-performance photoanode for photoelectrochemical water splitting. We optimized the photoanode thickness (number of deposition passes) and composition to achieve a maximum photocurrent density of 17.2 mA cm−2 at 1.78 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, with no additional catalysts or additives. The morphology of the deposited films, as characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, comprises CNTs intermingled with Zn 2 SnO 4 and SnO 2 nanoparticles. The high electron concentration and charge transfer rate achieved by adding CNTs are demonstrated through Mott–Schottky and Nyquist analyses of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data. While we find no prior reports of Zn 2 SnO 4 /SnO 2 /CNT nanocomposites for water splitting, we demonstrate that this combination of ball-milled Zn 2 SnO 4 /SnO 2 nanoparticles mixed with CNTs is a promising candidate for high-performance solar water splitting with dramatically enhanced performance compared to previously-reported ZnO- and SnO-based photoanodes. • Supersonically-sprayed Zn 2 SnO 4 /SnO 2 /CNT photoanodes were fabricated for solar water splitting. • A maximum photocurrent density of 17.2 mA cm−2 at 1.78 V vs. RHE was recorded. • The PCD stabilized at a value above 6.5 mA cm−2 at a fixed voltage and remained constant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]