Evaluating the influence of paper characteristics on the efficacy of new poly(vinyl alcohol) based hydrogels for cleaning modern and ancient paper.

• PVA based chemical hydrogels are characterized and proposed for cleaning paper. • Characterization of modern and ancient paper before and after the cleaning was performed. • The cleaning abilities of the gels have been tested on ancient and modern paper. • Hydrogels cleaning ability depends more than their structure than on paper type. Wet cleaning of paper artworks by using hydrogels is a recently proposed process in the cultural heritage field. In this contest, on one side, research has focused on more effective and tuned cleaning hydrogels; on the other, the cleaning performances of the proposed hydrogels have been studied on ancient paper and very little on modern paper. This lack of information is not negligible, since the two kinds of paper differ strongly in composition. The difference, in turn could affect the performance of cleaning gels. In this article, new chemical hydrogels were synthetized using an oxidized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) bearing an aldehyde group at each chain end, as cross-linking agent, i.e. telechelic PVA. PVA hydrogels have been characterized as candidates for paper cleaning applications. The possibility of tuning the mechanical and retentive properties, simply by changing the ratio of two polymer concentrations, their stability and transparency, indeed, render them, potentially suitable in cultural heritage field. The cleaning capability of two hydrogels, with different PVA/telechelic PVA ratios, has been assessed both on ancient paper, than a modern one and the results have been compared. The efficacy of these hydrogels has been demonstrated characterizing the samples before and after the cleaning process by means of a multidisciplinary approach involving spectroscopic and chromatographic tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]