Tailoring of cardiovascular stent material surface by immobilizing exosomes for better pro-endothelialization function.

In this study, we developed a pro-endothelial-functionalization surface by immobilizing a natural factors-loaded nanoparticle, exosome, onto the poly-dopamine (PDA) coated materials via electrostatic binding. • A novel PDA/Exosome coating was successfully prepared onto the cardiovascular biomaterial. • The PDA/Exosome coating could enhance the endothelial cell growth, CD31 expression and NO release. • The PDA/Exosome coating could regulate SMC into contractile phenotype and macrophage into M2 phenotype. • The PDA/Exosome coating could reduce hyperplasia of the implant. • The PDA/Exosome coating regulated the endothelial cell behavior by entering into cells. Stent intervention as available method in clinic has been widely applied for cardiovascular disease treatment for decades. However, the restenosis caused by late thrombosis and hyperplasia still limits the stents long-term application, and the essential cause is usually recognized as endothelial functionalization insufficiency of the stent material surface. Here, we address this limitation by developing a pro-endothelial-functionalization surface that immobilized a natural factors-loaded nanoparticle, exosome, onto the poly-dopamine (PDA) coated materials via electrostatic binding. This PDA/Exosome surface not only increased the endothelial cells number on the materials, but also improved their endothelial function, including platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31) expression, cell migration and nitric oxide release. The pro-inflammation macrophage (M1 phenotype) attachment and synthetic smooth muscle cell proliferation as the interference factors for the endothelialization were not only inhibited by the PDA/Exosome coating, while the cells were also regulated to anti-inflammation macrophage (M2 phenotype) and contractile smooth muscle cell, which may contribute to endothelialization. Thus, it can be summarized this method has potential application on surface modification of cardiovascular biomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]