Pattern recognition techniques for provenance classification of archaeological ceramics using ultrasounds.

• A novel non-destructive method for archaeological ceramic provenance classification is presented. • The proposed method implements semi-supervised active learning and optimal fusion by alpha integration. • Features from ultrasound signals based on a linear time variant system are ranked. • Roman Terra Sigillata and Iberian ceramic shards from different deposits are classified. • The experiments simulates real situations of data scarcity and labeling uncertainty. This paper presents a novel application of pattern recognition to the provenance classification of archaeological ceramics. This is a challenging problem for archaeologists, which involves assigning a making location to a fragment of archaeological pottery that was found along with other fragments of pieces made in different distant locations from the find. The pieces look very similar to each other and, often, other contextual information about the use of the pieces cannot be used due to the small size of the fragments. Current standard methods to solve this problem are limited since they are time consuming, require costly equipment, and can lead to the destruction of a part of the pieces. The proposed method overcome those limitations using non-destructive ultrasonic testing and incorporates versatile data analysis through advanced pattern recognition techniques. Those techniques include the following: feature ranking, sample augmentation, semi-supervision based on active learning; and optimal fusion. This latter is based in the concept of alpha integration, which allows optimal fitting of the fusion model parameters. Different provenance classification problems are showcased: provenance classification of terra sigillata ceramic pieces from Aretina, Northern Italy and Sud-Gaul origins; and provenance classification of Iberian ceramic pieces from archaeological sites of Paterna, and Les Jovaes in Valencia, Spain. We demonstrate that the proposed fusion-based method achieves the best results, in terms of balanced classification accuracy and F1 score, compared with competitive methods like linear discriminant analysis, random forest, and support vector machine. Experiments for simulating small sample sizes and uncertainty in labeling of the pieces are included. In addition, the paper provides a design of a practical specialized device that could be used in different applications of archaeological ceramic classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]