Paediatric calcaneal fractures: A guide to management based on a review of the literature.

<bold>Introduction: </bold>Calcaneal fractures are rare in children. These fractures are often misdiagnosed as a consequence of their subtle clinical and radiographic presentation. The purpose of this paper was to identify prognostic factors on the basis of type of fracture, age and treatment. This would enable suggestions to be made with regards to treatment for these fractures.<bold>Methods: </bold>A full literature search was performed to find studies that were clinically orientated, in the English language and involved children (under the age of 16). Studies with no outcome data were excluded.<bold>Results: </bold>There were a total of 284 patients reviewed in 26 peer-review publications. Two hundred and eight patients had intra-articular fractures. The non-operatively managed joint depression type fractures had poor outcomes in 21% of patients. In those who underwent surgical fixation for these fractures, 3 patients had reduced subtalar motion, and three had pain, one of whom required a subtalar arthrodesis at 7 months. In the tongue type fracture group, the outcomes were similar in those treated operatively and non-operatively. Extra-articular fractures were found to be much less common than the intra-articular fractures. They also became less common in older children. Generally, the outcomes were good, irrespective of treatment. Only 2 patients with type 1B fractures had poorer outcomes.<bold>Discussion: </bold>This is a rare injury and outcomes may be poorer in those who do not have adequate anatomical reduction. Displaced intra-articular fractures in all age groups should be considered for anatomical reduction of the articular surface, to guarantee good outcomes and prevent future pain and arthritis. Extra-articular fractures in children are less severe, do well with conservative treatment, and rarely require operative intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]