Examining the nonlinear impact of coal and oil-based electricity production on CO2 emissions in India.

• CO 2 emissions are more sensitive towards upside shocks in in per capita income and FDI than downside shocks. • The upside shocks in coal-fired electricity have significantly increased the pollution level. • Coal-fired and oil-fired electricity generation appears to be significant substitute for each other. • The association between CO 2 emissions and the selected variables has remained nonlinear during the study period. Building upon the present growth paradigm of India, the authors of this paper examined the impact of coal-fired and oil-fired electrical power generation on CO 2 emissions in India for the period of 1976−2016. The simulation results confirmed that the upside shocks in coal-fired electricity will contribute considerably to increase the pollution level in the long run. Contrarily, the impact of downside variations was found to be negative and significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]