MATERNAL, FOETAL, MANAGEMENTAL AND SEASONAL FACTORS PREDISPOSING TO UTERINE TORSION IN BOVINES: A REVIEW.

In the present review maternal, foetal, managemental and seasonal factors predisposing bovines to uterine torsion have been discussed in depth. Maternal factors include sub-ilial attachment of broad ligaments, species, breed, posture of dam while sitting down and standing up, enlargement of horn, cornua extending outside bursa supra-omentalis, presence of rumen on left side, large and pendulous abdomen, increasing age and parity, thin musculature of broad ligament, advanced pregnancy, higher level of progesterone and increased uterine flaccidity during parturition. Foetal factors include higher weight and excessive movement of male foetus to female one, reduced amount of amniotic fluid, foetal presentation, foetal anomalies. Managemental factors include type of housing and flooring, wallowing and unsteady walk. Seasonal incidences increase as the total number of calving increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]