A fluorescence imaging protocol for correlating intracellular free cationic copper to the total uptaken copper by live cells.

A variety of fluorescence probes have been developed for fluorescence imaging of metals in biological cells. However, accurate quantification of metals with fluorescent approaches is challenging due to the difficulty in establishing a standard calibration curve in living cells. Herein, a fluorescence imaging protocol is developed for imaging intracellular Cu2+ and its correlation with the cellular uptake of copper. The total amount of intracellular Cu is detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in parallel. Fluorescence imaging of Cu2+ is accomplished with Rhodamine B derivative modified carbon dots (CDs-Rbh) based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from CDs to rhodamine. Intracellular Cu2+ is correlated with fluorescence ratio at λ em 500–600 nm (rhodamine) to λ em 425–475 nm (CDs) with excitation at λ ex 405 nm. It is found that Cu2+ is linearly correlated with the total intracellular uptaken copper content, with a linear correlation between the relative fluorescence ratio in fluorescence imaging and intracellular Cu derived from ICP-MS, including both Cu(I) and Cu(II) species. The linear calibration equation is lg(F 2 /F 1) = 0.00148 m[Cu]-0.3622. This approach facilitates further investigation and elucidation of copper transition in live cells and the evaluation of their cytotoxicity. Fluorescence imaging of intracellular free cationic copper is correlated with the intracellular uptaken copper by live cells. Image 1 • Fluorescence imaging is developed for intracellular Cu2+ and its correlation with total uptake of copper derived by ICP-MS. • Fluorescence imaging of intracellular Cu2+ is accomplished with a CDs conjugate based on FRET. • It facilitates investigation and elucidation of copper transition in live cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]