Localization, regionalization and globalization of university‐business research co‐operation in the United Kingdom.

This empirical study analyzes university‐business co‐operation (UBC) from a distance‐based perspective. Focusing on the UK's 48 largest research universities, we collected data from author affiliate addresses in 2008–2017 university‐business research publications (UBRPs). The spatial proximity between university and its business partners listed in these co‐authored research publications concerns three main distance zones: "local" (0–99 km); "regional" (100–499 km); "global" (500 km or more). The annual UBRP trends reveal a tendency towards UBC globalization. Several universities show signs of UBC glocalization, where the numbers of their global UBRPs have increased more rapidly than local UBRPs. Four common factors largely determine the UBRP quantities, irrespective of the zone: business sector R&D‐intensity in the university's local geographical area; university's research size; university's high‐end international citation impact; presence of university researchers with work experience in the business sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]