Diversity of North Pacific Meridional Mode and Its Distinct Impacts on El Niño‐Southern Oscillation.

Numerous studies have demonstrated that the North Pacific Meridional Mode (NPMM) plays an important role in determining El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events in the following winter season. However, little attention has been given to significant differences among its spatial patterns. Here we show that the NPMM exhibits a large diversity in spatial patterns, leading to distinct impacts on ENSO. Based on objective clustering analysis, two distinct spatial patterns of NPMM are detected. Cluster 1 (C1) NPMM exhibits a strong sea surface temperature dipole over the subtropical eastern Pacific and midlatitude central Pacific whereas Cluster 2 (C2) features a dipole over the subtropical eastern Pacific and equatorial cold tongue region. We find that the C1 NPMM is strongly linked to following ENSO events while the C2 NPMM has no statistically significant relation. This gives new implications for ENSO dynamics and predictions. Key Points: The North Pacific Meridional Mode (NPMM) has strong spatial diversity that can be separated into two groupsThese two types of the spring NPMM have distinct impacts on ENSO events in the following winterWe suggest an optimal pattern of the spring NPMM for ENSO prediction [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]