Recent developments in beneficiation of fine and ultra-fine coal -review paper.

Generation of fines and ultra-fines is a concept that mining and metallurgical sectors can never shy away since the beginning of coal exploration. These coal fines and ultra-fines are what coal mines regarded as waste material without economic value until the present moment. Poor technologies in the past led to stockpiling of large quantities of fines and ultra-fines. Increase in mechanization in the coal mining industry has also led to the generation of large quantities of coal fines and ultra-fines. Several techniques in the mineral processing sector have been explored to beneficiate the coal fines and ultra-fines. The explored beneficiating technologies include enhanced gravity separation, oil agglomeration, flotation, flocculation, spirals, water only cyclone and dense medium cyclone. These beneficiating technologies have their own limitations when treating fine and ultrafine coal. Major limitations were operation cost and separation efficiency. However, many researchers have improved these beneficiation technologies in terms of cost and separation efficiencies producing clean coal product that meet the end user product specifications. This paper reviews recent developments in beneficiation technologies of coal fines and coal ultra-fines. • Developments in processing of fine and ultra-fine coal have been reviewed. • Recovery efficiency of different beneficiation processes of coal fines was analysed. • Enhanced gravity separators are the new alternative in the beneficiation of coal fines and ultra-fines. • Bio waste and waste oil to replace diesel collector or binder for surface based beneficiation. • Future developments in the processing of coal fines and ultra-fines have been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]