Temporal and spatial transferabilities of hydrological models under different climates and underlying surface conditions.

• An evaluation method of model transferability is proposed. • The complex models (XAJ and HBV) have better spatial transferability than the simple model (GR4J). • The performance of models transferred from the wettest to the driest period is worse than that of models transferred from the driest to the wettest period. Changing conditions of the climate and underlying surface have altered the rainfall-runoff relationships in many basins, greatly increasing additional challenges in the applicability of hydrological models for studying the hydrological response to those potential changes. However, systematic and simultaneous testing and comparing of both temporal and spatial transferabilities of different hydrological models under changing conditions have not received enough attention. The present study investigates the potential differences between temporal and spatial transferabilities of different hydrological models under different climatic and underlying surface conditions, which are synthesized from two basins in Southern China with 50-year historical records (1966–2015). The transferability of five hydrological models, i.e., XAJ, HBV, SIMHYD, IHACRES and GR4J, is investigated under the synthesised changing conditions by using a new evaluation method, proposed in this study. The results show that: (1) the proposed evaluation method is proved to be effective in evaluating the transferability of the models; (2) for temporal transferability under stationary condition, the five models show similar performances, but for spatial transferability, the performances of complex models (XAJ and HBV) are better than that of the simple model (GR4J); (3) the difference in underlying surface conditions in the target basin affects spatial transferability of the models; (4) hydrological models have much better transferability from dry to wet period than otherwise. This study provides an insight to test temporal and spatial transferabilities of hydrological models in the context of changing climate and underlying surface conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]