Influences of Atmospheric Rivers on North Pacific Winter Precipitation: Climatology and Dependence on ENSO Condition.

The atmospheric river (AR) is a unique mover of moisture from the low latitudes to mid- and high latitudes and a potential cause for regional flooding. This study explores the ARs' influence on wintertime precipitation (including extreme precipitation) over the pan-North Pacific during 1996–2018 from the climatological perspective and during the ENSO condition, via distinguishing precipitation and moisture transport between the AR-group and the non-AR-group. Climatologically, the AR-group contributes 30%–45% of total winter precipitation, and up to 70% of total extreme precipitation over the eastern Pacific and along the North American west coast between 25° and 45°N. The above area is the core region of the ARs' influence on precipitation. The AR-group's precipitation in the core region is mostly determined by AR-produced in situ moisture convergence, while the non-AR-group's precipitation is attributed to evaporation from Earth's surface. The AR frequency is increased (decreased) in the core region during El Niño (La Niña) winters. As a result, the AR-group contributes more than half of the positive (negative) anomalies in total precipitation in the core region, due to AR-related moisture convergence anomalies. Besides, during El Niño winters, the AR-group also contributes almost half of negative anomalies in total precipitation over the middle basin between 40° and 55°N. An anomalous moisture sink (source) always acts to increase (decrease) in situ precipitation for both the AR-group and the non-AR-group. It is also shown that the moisture transport and its divergence anomalies are primarily decided by changes in wind fields and second by moisture. Furthermore, changes in moisture can cause asymmetric features of anomalies in moisture transport and its divergence between El Niño and La Niña but with limited effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]