Multipodal insulin mimetics built on adamantane or proline scaffolds.

• Insulin mimetics could represent an alternative strategy for treatment of diabetes. • Multipodal compounds based on adamantane or proline scaffolds were synthesized. • Adamantane-based compound displaced insulin from insulin receptor with K d of 500 nM. • Molecular modeling showed possible binding modes of mimetics to the insulin receptor. Multi-orthogonal molecular scaffolds can be applied as core structures of bioactive compounds. Here, we prepared four tri-orthogonal scaffolds based on adamantane or proline skeletons. The scaffolds were used for the solid-phase synthesis of model insulin mimetics bearing two different peptides on the scaffolds. We found that adamantane-derived compounds bind to the insulin receptor more effectively (K d value of 0.5 μM) than proline-derived compounds (K d values of 15–38 μM) bearing the same peptides. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that spacers between peptides and central scaffolds can provide greater flexibility that can contribute to increased binding affinity. Molecular modeling showed possible binding modes of mimetics to the insulin receptor. Our data show that the structure of the central scaffold and flexibility of attached peptides in this type of compound are important and that different scaffolds should be considered when designing peptide hormone mimetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]