Spatial–temporal fuzzy information granules for time series forecasting.

The prediction of time series in multi-steps is of significance in reality. However, considering the uncertainty and high noise existing in time series, the long-term forecasting is still an open problem. By means of granular computing, in this article, a novel spatial–temporal fuzzy information granule (STFIG) model is proposed to achieve the multi-step forecasting of time series. From the perspective of time dimension, by using unequal division method, time series is converted into generalized time-varying fuzzy information granules, where the trend information and dispersion degree of sequence data can be quantitatively described. Moreover, in terms of spatial dimension, the fluctuation information of time series is also calculated and involved into information granules, which can further enhance the semantic representation of sequential data. In order to improve the ability of dealing with uncertainties and fuzziness in time series, the interval type-2 fuzzy set is applied in the granules model. By using synthetic data and real-life time series, experiments are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, where abundant semantic information and better long-term predictive performance can be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]