Duck curve leveling in renewable energy integrated grids using internet of relays.

Power grids are undergoing deregulation, privatization, and decentralization worldwide. The smart grid allows the integration of clean power renewable energy technologies to the utility grid through mini, micro, and nano grids. Conventional centralized power grids used to rely on fossil fuel-fired power plants which are being replaced worldwide with solar, wind, small hydro, geothermal, biomass, wave, and alternative energy technologies. Installed solar and wind power generation capacity has surpassed 1300 GW in 2020. Solar and wind powers rise during the day and fall during the evening. Consumer demand increases steadily during the evening and peaks after sunset when solar generation becomes zero and wind power falls substantially. Decentralized smart grid faces duck curve limitation on the integration of renewable energy technologies as centralized utilities used to face the peak-hours issue. Smart grid operators have no effective solution of load peaking after sundown except keeping fossil fuel-fired plants on standby to ride through the duck curve. We present a solution to the duck curve problem by integrating smart load shedding devices in micro and nano grids to adjust their demand frugally during peak hours to support the national grid. Information and communication (ICT) technologies that enabled the internet of things (IoT) have been attempted to facilitate smart load shedding in nano grids. ICT enabled voltage transformers (VT) and current transformers (CT) supply signals to heuristic rules based multifunction smart relaying system. Smart meters, instrument transformers, and status monitoring field devices generate a massive amount of data. The research designed an IoT and LabVIEW based software platform to carry out demand-side management. Under frequency (UF) and under-voltage (UV) relaying functions were used to conduct load shedding in nano grids. This nanoscale demand-side management experiment paves the way to ride through utility-scale duck curve setback. This PT/CT data based economic solution performs at nanoscale same as ABB PML 630 load shedding controller. This UF and UV relaying based multifunction relay starts shedding loads when frequency falls below <1% and voltage below 10% of rated values. Our load shedding scheme has successfully functioned on nanoscale 5 kW system. The future study section proposes to integrate big data technologies in-home energy management system (HEMS) through extract, transform and load (ETL) pipeline to import data from PT/CT and circuit breakers (CB) integrated smart meter to transform it according to requirement by loading data into Hadoop "big data" processing platforms for utility-scale load management with help of day-ahead load and weather-dependent renewable power generation forecasting techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]