Steady and controlled desalination via capacitive deionization: performance assessment and optimization of hybrid CV-CC process.

The steady and controlled desalination is achievable with Hybrid-CV-CC capacitive deionization (CDI). In this paper, we assess the performance of Hybrid-CV-CC CDI by evaluating the standard performance indicators within reasonable ranges of operating and design parameters, i.e., flow rate, voltage, capacitance, cell volume, and current. However, the conflicts among performance indicators for similar operating conditions instigate the need for optimum tradeoffs. Therefore, multi-criteria optimization techniques were used for the estimation of optimum tradeoffs in the system performance. The optimized system annunciated net improvement in performance in terms of desalination (salt absorbed), energy consumption, and average salt adsorption rate up to 16%, 70%, and 117%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]