Seed priming with gibberellic acid induces high salinity tolerance in Pisum sativum through antioxidants, secondary metabolites and up‐regulation of antiporter genes.

Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that limit productivity of pulse crops all over the world. Seed priming with phytohormone(s) is one of the most promising, authentic and cost‐effective methods to mitigate the deleterious effect of salinity.The study was conducted to investigate potential of seed priming with gibberellic acid (GA3) to cope up with the adverse effects of salinity (0, 100, 200 and 300 mm NaCl) in pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings.There were different responses to salinity, which induced oxidative stress, higher accumulation of Na+ in shoots and roots and inhibition of photosynthetic traits. However, seed priming with GA3 showed promising effects on physiological traits under salinity stress and alleviated the adverse effects of salinity by inducing the antioxidant system, proline production, total phenol and flavonoid content and regulating ion homeostasis, along with up‐regulation of Na+/H+ antiporters (SOS1 and NHX1).Plants adapt and prevent high salt accumulation by inducing expression of Na+/H+ antiporter (SOS1 and NHX1) proteins that enhance Na+ sequestration. Thus, seed priming with GA3 is important in alleviation of high salinity stress and can be used as a criterion for developing salt‐tolerant cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]