Difficult binds: A systematic review of facilitators and barriers to treatment among mothers with substance use disorders.

<bold>Background: </bold>The United States and Canada have observed sharp increases in substance use disorder among women of child-bearing or child-rearing age. Substance use disorder can have deleterious effects on children, families, and communities. Many evidence-based treatments exist, but engaging mothers in treatment is difficult. No recent review is available to help systems and providers understand the facilitators of and barriers to treatment for mothers.<bold>Objective: </bold>To systematically identify facilitators and barriers to substance use and mental health treatment for mothers with substance use disorder who are pregnant or parenting young children in the United States and Canada.<bold>Methods: </bold>We systematically searched the literature using five online databases and performed a gray literature search. We included studies published in the past two decades focused on parent or provider perspectives.<bold>Results: </bold>Our search identified 23 high-quality papers. The majority of papers qualitatively examined the perspectives of treatment-seeking pregnant women and mothers diverse in race/ethnicity, region, and treatment settings. Our synthesis of findings revealed the compelling and complex centrality of motherhood, which served as both a facilitator and barrier. Motherhood often interacted with relational (e.g., perceiving stigma vs. support from providers, family, friends, partners) and structural (e.g., time commitments, childcare) factors to both hinder and help engagement in treatment.<bold>Conclusions: </bold>Our findings can help policy-makers and practitioners make tangible improvements to the financing and delivery of substance use treatment for mothers. Our review points to specific areas for future research, including an examination of the relationships between various structural factors and treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]