Secular dynamics of binaries in stellar clusters – III. Doubly averaged dynamics in the presence of general-relativistic precession.

Secular evolution of binaries driven by an external (tidal) potential is a classic astrophysical problem. Tidal perturbations can arise due to an external point mass, as in the Lidov–Kozai (LK) theory of hierarchical triples, or due to an extended stellar system (e.g. galaxy or globular cluster) in which the binary resides. For many applications, general-relativistic (GR) apsidal precession is important, and has been accounted for in some LK calculations. Here, we generalize and extend these studies by exploring in detail the effect of GR precession on (quadrupole-level) tidal evolution of binaries orbiting in arbitrary axisymmetric potentials (which includes LK theory as a special case). We study the (doubly averaged) orbital dynamics for arbitrary strengths of GR and binary initial conditions and uncover entirely new phase space morphologies with important implications for the binary orbital evolution. We also explore how GR precession affects secular evolution of binary orbital elements when the binary reaches high eccentricity (e → 1) and delineate several different dynamical regimes. Our results are applicable to a variety of astrophysical systems. In particular, they can be used to understand the high eccentricity behaviour of (cluster) tide-driven compact object mergers – i.e. LIGO/Virgo gravitational wave sources – for which GR effects are crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]