Phylogeny of Micronesian emperor fishes and evolution of trophic types.

[Display omitted] • A four gene phylogeny clarifies the relationships of Lethrinids in Micronesia. • The cryptic species Monotaxis heterodon is reported in Micronesia. • The ancestral trophic type of Lethrinidae was most likely "stalkers", low-body with conical teeth. • The radiation of recent Lethrinidae species coincides with the radiation of scleractinian corals. Island communities that rely on reef fish are currently faced with declining marine resources due to unsustainable fishing and climate change. Identification of genetic stocks through phylogenetic analyses has become a growing field of study with conservation implications, but genetic information on reef fish in Micronesia is limited. In this study we focus on Lethrinidae, one of the most commonly fished reef fish families in Micronesia. Our main goal was to establish a phylogeny for Lethrinidae based on Micronesian data with the intent to help future conservation efforts and clarify the evolutionary history of trophic types in this family. Thirty-eight Lethrinidae specimens collected across five Micronesian islands were used to build a phylogeny with three mitochondrial and one nuclear gene. The phylogenetic analyses allowed us to clarify the identity and position of 11 commonly harvested species and provided a novel genetic identification for Monotaxis heterodon in Micronesia. Our improved and dated phylogeny supports a new hypothesis for the ancestral trophic type of emperor fishes: "stalkers" with low-bodies and conical teeth. We correlated the radiation of most Lethrinidae species with the radiation of major scleractinian coral lineages in the middle Miocene, highlighting the tight relationships between declining reefs and the survival of emperor fishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]