Analytical approach to locate multiple power peaks of photovoltaic array under partial shading condition and hybrid array configuration schemes to reduce mismatch losses.

Partial shading (PS) is a major challenge faced by photovoltaic (PV) arrays invoking mismatch loss (ML). In this paper, the effect of PS on PV array performance is analyzed through experimental results and MATLAB simulation. The effect of PS on PV characteristics is investigated in two conditions. In condition one, modules are not coupled with bypass diodes, and in condition two modules are equipped with bypass diodes. New mathematical equations have been derived to calculate ML for condition one, and for condition two; locations of power peaks are identified in the power-voltage (<italic>P</italic>-V) curve. For both the conditions, theoretical results are verified through experimental results. From the obtained results it is observed that the error in loss calculation for condition one is less than 2% and for condition two, power peaks are being identified analytically with less than 3% error. To reduce the effect of PS on PV array, different configurations of the PV array were considered in the earlier literature. Among all, Total Cross Tied (TCT) PV array configuration is popularly used for its improved performance. To curtail the cost of TCT, two-hybrid array configurations such as TCT with bridge link (TCT+BL) and TCT with honey-comb (TCT+HC) are proposed here. Performances of different array configurations are analyzed considering various parameters such as global maximum power point (GMPP), currents and voltages at GMPP, the number of local peaks, shading losses, and mismatch losses. It is observed that proposed array configurations outshine in performance by reducing the amount of ML and the number of local peaks in the <italic>P</italic>-V graph, mainly for the stochastic shading patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]