Innovative and successive average trend analysis of temperature and precipitation in Osijek, Croatia.

This paper examines monthly, seasonal, and annual trends in temperature and precipitation time series in Osijek during the period between 1900 and 2018. Two new methods, innovative trend analysis (ITA) and successive average methodology (SAM), together with the classic Mann–Kendall (M–K) and Sen's slope methods, have been applied to determine potential trends in the variables at different time scales. Moreover, time series decomposition using locally estimated scatterplot smoothing (STL) was conducted to determine trend, seasonality, and the relationship between the components of each variable. Regarding the air temperature, ITA showed a monotonic positive trend at relatively low (T ≤ 10 °C) and high (T ≥ 13 °C) temperature ranges in all seasons, excluding spring. A positive trend was also found in the medium temperature range in this season, which agrees with the results of M–K test. The highest Sen's slope was obtained in January, with the second highest in April. According to the results acquired for the observed precipitation time series, it was discovered that Osijek has experienced a decreasing trend in spring precipitation. However, there is no trend in annual precipitation at a 5% significance level. Differing from the M–K results, the ITA shows a decreasing trend in both spring and autumn seasons. Summer precipitation increases with a significant change in the high precipitating levels (p ≥ 100 mm). Comparing successive pairs of partial trends in both historical temperature and precipitation, our results show that trends in peak and trough change-points are very close to each other, indicating a slight positive trend in temperature and a negative change in precipitation over the past century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]