Estimation of actual evapotranspiration and its components in an irrigated area by integrating the Shuttleworth-Wallace and surface temperature-vegetation index schemes using the particle swarm optimization algorithm.

• A new ET model (SW_OPT) integrates the SW and the Ts-VI model using PSO. • E, T and ET from SW_OPT were validated in a typical irrigated area of China. • SW_OPT calculates ET and its components with high accuracy. • SW_OPT is significantly more accurate compared to SW_Ori. • SW_OPT has low sensitivity to most of input and empirical parameters. Daily actual evapotranspiration (ET) and its components – soil evaporation (E) and vegetation transpiration (T) – play a key role in water resource management of irrigated areas. Nevertheless, due to large uncertainties in the parameterization of the resistances in irrigated areas, traditional ET models do not always provide accurate ET estimates, especially for its components. This uncertainty is mainly due to the difficulty of determining the empirical parameters accurately of soil and canopy resistances which is debated for a long time and the error in input variables. This paper proposed an optimized Shuttleworth-Wallace model (SW) using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to integrate the original SW with the surface temperature-vegetation index (Ts-VI) triangle models (named Shuttleworth & Wallace_Temperature Vegetation Index model, SW_TVI).The performance of the SW_TVI model was significantly improved by optimizing the soil and canopy resistances in the original SW model using discontinuous regional ET estimates from the Ts-VI model under clear-sky conditions. Compared with the original SW model, the root mean squared error (RMSE) and mean absolute deviation (MAD) of the SW_TVI model were reduced by more than 30%, against in situ measurements in the Heihe River Basin. The Bias of the T/ET ratio was also significantly reduced from -22.3% for the original SW model to -5.5% for the SW_TVI model. The annual contributions of E and T to ET were about 20% and 80%, respectively, and had a strong seasonal variation in the typical irrigated area of China. In summary, the SW_TVI model shows three outstanding advantages: (1) it estimates daily continuous E, T, and total ET with high accuracy; (2) it is very robust and insensitive or slightly sensitive to most input variables and empirical parameters; (3) it is independent from ground data. This new SW_TVI model will benefit water resources management in irrigated areas, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]