Evaluation of the combination of rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy for imported malaria surveillance in Anhui Province, China.

• The combined toolbox (Wondfo RDTs plus microscopy) improved the surveillance system sensitivity for malaria in Anhui province. • The improvement was mainly attributed to the excellent ability of RDTs to detect P. falciparum infections. On the other hand, microscopy compensates for some limitations of the use of RDTs in field practice. • Using more than one diagnostic tool to strengthen the surveillance system was effective in the post-elimination stage. Background: In the Anhui Province, China, efforts to interrupt the local malaria transmission were successful, with no endemic cases reported since 2014. Contrastingly, imported malaria cases are still being reported, indicating a disease reintroduction risk after years of elimination. A good surveillance system is key for avoiding the risk, detecting imported cases and possible cases associated with local transmission early. Therefore, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) were combined with microscopy to strengthen malaria surveillance in the province. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of this surveillance strategy. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study using malaria surveillance data from January 2016 to June 2020. Epidemiological characteristics and diagnostic information were analysed using descriptive and comparative statistics. The diagnostic performance of the combined toolbox (Wondfo RDTs plus microscopy) was evaluated based on its sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and Cohen's kappa coefficient, using real-time polymerase chain reaction as the gold standard. Results: The combined toolbox displayed a higher overall sensitivity for malaria cases than that of microscopy alone (93.74% vs 89.37%; p adj <0.05), which could detect 94.65%, 88.16%, 95.00%, and 100.00% of Plasmodium falciparum, P. ovale, P. vivax , and P. malariae infections, respectively. In clinical practice, Wondfo RDTs ability to detect P. falciparum infections was better than that of microscopy (97.55% vs 89.67%, p adj < 0.05). In contrast, microscopy displayed a higher specificity than that of Wondfo RDTs (81.82% vs 63.28%, p adj <0.05). Moreover, the consistency between microscopy and the gold standard results was also better than that of RDTs (Kappa value:0.669 vs 0.596). Conclusions: The combination of microscopy and RDTs is an effective strategy for malaria surveillance because it possibly detected more P. falciparum infections due to the introduction of RDTs. In contrast, microscopy is complementary to some limitations related to the use of RDTs in field practice. Thus, monitoring malaria cases in non-endemic areas may require employing more than one diagnostic tool in surveillance strategies. Moreover, further understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of different detection methods is necessary for applying optimum combinations in field settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]