The Impact of Coupled Data Assimilation on Madden–Julian Oscillation Predictability Initialized from Coupled Satellite-Era Reanalysis.

This study investigates the impact of coupled initialization on the extended-range prediction of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). A set of reforecasts using combinations of the oceanic and atmospheric initial conditions produced with coupled and uncoupled data assimilation (DA) are conducted to evaluate the impact of coupling in the different domains, from the perspective of MJO forecasts. The coupled initial conditions are provided by CERA-SAT pilot coupled reanalysis for the satellite era recently produced by ECMWF. We focus on the prediction skill of the MJO using the real-time outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) MJO index in a series of reforecasts. The impact of atmospheric initial conditions produced by coupled DA shows slight benefit for the MJO prediction. However, compared with the operational ocean reanalysis, the ocean initial conditions created by CERA-SAT degrade the MJO prediction skill during the first 2–3 weeks of the reforecast by 1.5%–5.8%. A moist static energy budget analysis revealed that the underestimation of 0.2 K sea surface temperature, 1.4 W m−2 top of the atmosphere downward longwave radiation, and 3.8 W m−2 latent heat flux over the Maritime Continent leads to a small but statistically significant degradation of the MJO forecast skill. The results demonstrate that the MJO is sensitive to ocean initial conditions, and illustrate the value of the extended-range MJO prediction for evaluating the quality of coupled data assimilation, and suggest that future efforts on coupled data assimilation pay special attention to the balance of air–sea interaction processes over the warm pool area, in terms of modeling, observational needs and system design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]