Enhanced uniformity, corrosion resistance and biological performance of Cu-incorporated TiO2 coating produced by ultrasound-auxiliary micro-arc oxidation.

[Display omitted] • A uniform appearance is achieved by the introduction of ultrasound. • Ultrasound stimulates the formation of an amorphous Ca, P, Cu and O-rich layer. • Ultrasound is beneficial for corrosion and biological properties of the coating. To achieve a uniform surface layer with enhanced corrosion resistance, antibacterial capability and cytocompatibility on the titanium (Ti)-based orthopaedic implant, ultrasound-auxiliary micro-arc oxidation (UMAO) was carried out on Ti substrate to fabricate a Cu-incorporated TiO 2 coating. Instead of the co-existence of central brown area and peripheral black area in the Cu-incorporated TiO 2 coating fabricated by conventional micro-arc oxidation, a uniform brownish appearance could be achieved after the introduction of ultrasonic vibration (UV). The introduction of UV also significantly modifies the elemental composition, phase component and chemical configuration of the coating, which exhibits a bi-layered structure with the porous TiO 2 as the inner layer and the amorphous Ca, P, O and Cu component as the outer layer. Finally, electrochemical measurement and in vitro biological tests indicate that the introduction of UV is conducive to corrosion resistance, antibacterial capability and cytocompatibility of the Cu-incorporated TiO 2 coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]