Progress in treatment of oilfield produced water using membrane distillation and potentials for beneficial re-use.

• PW handling with conventional technologies is compared with MD highlighting constraints. • Advances in energy sourcing for MD incorporating solar energy, waste heat and microwave heating. • More insight on fouling and mitigation strategies peculiar to MD of PW. • Competitiveness of MD as an alternative for desalination of PW amidst environmental concern. • Beneficial reuse of PW for irrigation agriculture. Membrane distillation (MD) has proved worthwhile in treatment of hypersaline feeds demonstrating near complete rejection of dissolved solutes without any effect on the process conditions. This makes it potential treatment option for hypersaline oilfield produced water (PW) with salinity level far greater than that of seawater. Polymeric membranes have recently garnered more attention than their ceramic counterparts in oily wastewater treatment owing to ease of synthesis and relative cost advantage. However, lower mechanical durability and the propensity for fouling of these membranes due to presence of low surface energy organics in PW ultimately affects MD performance in its treatment. Studies elucidating the mechanism of fouling between PW feed and membranes in MD is scarcely reported in the literature. Various fouling mitigation approaches have shown promise towards the realization of MD as a viable option for PW treatment. Hybridization of MD, use of (super)hydrophobic MD membranes with feed pre-treatment using other technologies and/or membrane post-cleaning, integrated MD systems and recently omniphobic and Janus modifications of MD membranes have all been reported for treatment of PW showing more promise towards achieving ultrapure-distillate treatment. In this article, the performance of these polymeric MD membranes used in PW treatment in comparison to the other conventional treatment options as well as advances in MD as a cost-effective alternative for beneficial re-use of PW is reviewed, highlighting the areas requiring further study for this line of research. Because MD is still largely energy inefficient, several efforts to realize it as an all-round competitive technology focusing on long-term stability, brine handling capacity and potentials for cost savings with alternative and rather sustainable energy source are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]